Mu’awiyah, the Founder of the Umayyad Caliphate | Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)

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Citations:

[1] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 125

[2] Ali Muhammad al-Sallabi, The Biography of Uthman ibn Affan – p. 13

[3] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 7

[4] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 83, p. 30

[5] Sunan Abi Dawud, 2086 (Sunnah.com)

[6] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – literally any page

[7] al-Tabari, XI – p. 81–83, 87–88

[8] al-Tabari, XII, 192–193

[9] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under “The Reigns of Abu Bakr and Umar, the First Caliphs

[10] al-Tabari, XII, 183–85; Baladhuri-Hitti, I, 216–19.

[11] Wilferd Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad – p. 60-61

[12] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under Uthman and the First Crisis of the Caliphate

[13] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 51

[14] al-Tabari, XV, p. 26–27

[15] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 327

[16] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 328

[17] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 60-61

[18] Abdullah al-Udhari, Classical Poems by Arab Women – p. 78

[19] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 216

[20] al-Tabari, XV – p. 164, 259, 261

[21] al-Tabari, XV – p. 136-38, 149–53, 185

[22] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 71

[23] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 74

[24] Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate – See under Ali and the End of the Orthodox Caliphate

[25] Reza Aslan, No God but God – p. 134

[26] al-Tabari, XVI, 196–197

[27] Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3000-Years History – p. 220

[28] al-Tabari, XVII, 85–86

[29] Martin Hinds, The Siffin Arbitration Agreement – p. 93-128

[30] Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers – p. 190

[31] Hannah-Lena Hagemann, The Kharijites in Early Islamic Historical Tradition – p. 137

[32] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 74

[33] “Maronite Chronicle” in Robert Hoyland’s Seeing Islam as Others Saw it – p. 138

[34] Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers – p. 167

[35] al- Tabari, XVIII – 23–24

[36] Hannah-Lena Hagemann, The Kharijites in Early Islamic Historical Tradition – p. 165

[37] Baladhuri, Ansab, II, 271

[38] Baladhuri-‘Abbas, IV/1, 206–208; also Tabari, XVIII, 78–81

[39] Wadad al-Qadi, Population Census and Land Surveys under the Ummayyads – p. 341-416

[40] Julius Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, p. 132–135

[41] “Maronite Chronicle” in Robert Hoyland’s Seeing Islam as Others Saw it – p. 138

[42] Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests – p. 330

[43] Ibn Khaldun-Rosenthal, I, 421–423

[44] al- Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no.147, p. 54–55

[45] R. Stephen Humphreys, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire – p. 121

[46] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 83, p. 30

[47] Baladhuri, Ansab-LDV, no. 107, p. 38

[48] al-Tabari, XVIII, 198

[49] Sibt al-Jawzi al-Hanafi, Tazkirat al-Khawas – p. 191-192

[50] Chase Robinson, Abd al-Malik – p. 43

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