Why Your Brain Loves Feeling Outraged and Punishing People's Bad Behavior | Molly Crockett

Why Your Brain Loves Feeling Outraged and Punishing People's Bad Behavior

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Get mad when you read the news these days? It's more than just what you're reading. When you perceives unfairness or inequality, says Molly Crockett, the brain receives it more-so as an attack on your identity. It's a startling realization that helps explain both Brexit and the rise of Donald Trump—because despite all evidence to the contrary (i.e. that Britain would lose billions and perhaps trillions if they left the E.U. without a plan, and in America, that electing a reality star with a proclivity towards grabbing women's genitals might not be a good thing for anyone at all) much of the western world has voted with their outrage minds rather than with their rational minds. This video is part of a series curated by Tali Sharot, author of the new book The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others.

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MOLLY CROCKETT:

Dr. Molly Crockett is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Yale University and a Distinguished Research Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Neuroethics. Prior to joining Yale, Dr. Crockett was a faculty member at the University of Oxford's Department of Experimental Psychology and a Fellow of Jesus College. She holds a BSc in Neuroscience from UCLA and a PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of Cambridge, and completed a Wellcome Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship with economists and neuroscientists at the University of Zürich and University College London.

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TRANSCRIPT:

Molly Crockett: One hallmark of moral outrage is expressing it feels so good.

And brain imaging studies have shown that when we punish bad behavior you see activation in the striatum, which is a brain area that we know to be involved in signaling rewards. It’s receiving inputs from the dopamine system.

One of the strands of research that I’ve done over the past several years is looking at how brain chemicals like serotonin regulate our desire to punish bad behavior.

And so we’ve done studies where we bring people into the lab and we manipulate their serotonin levels, drive them down or drive them up temporarily, and look to see how likely people are to punish unfair behavior, and what are the brain correlates of those decisions.

And one thing that we found repeatedly is that when we temporarily lower serotonin, this makes people more likely to punish unfair behavior.

And what we see in the brain concurrently is that the striatum is more active when people are punishing. So by changing the levels of this neurotransmitter we can actually change the motivational value of punishment.

This is interesting because serotonin is a neurotransmitter whose raw ingredient you can only get from your diet. So the building block of serotonin is tryptophan. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means you can only intake tryptophan by eating enough proteins.

So this means that this neurotransmitter system may be very finely attuned to the relative abundance or scarcity of resources in the environment. It may be the case that when resources are relatively scarce this could affect serotonin levels, which then could sensitize people to unfairness, lack of cooperation, and make them more likely to punish. And the proximate mechanism for that is it makes the act of punishment perhaps more valuable or rewarding.

The ultimatum game is a situation where two people have to agree on how to split a sum of money or some other resource, or neither person gets any money. So it’s a two-step game. In the first step the proposer gets the resource and makes a proposal to the responder, the second person, about how to divide that up.

So it could be let’s say 20 dollars, and the proposer makes an offer to the responder of say 5 dollars out of the 20. The responder then has the option of accepting that offer, in which case both players are paid those amounts, or they can reject the offer, in which case neither player gets any money.

So they can essentially destroy the whole pie if they’re unsatisfied with the offer. Hundreds and hundreds of studies have been run with the ultimatum game. When it was first published in the '80s economists were very surprised that the average person was very likely to reject any offer that fell below around 30 percent.

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