What Happened in Vietnam After the War?

2024 Audience Survey

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Primary Sources

Edward Metzner, Reeducation in Postwar Vietnam, (2001)

“Vietnam: Reconstruction and the Postwar Economy,” Central Intelligence Agency: National Foreign Assessment Center, (October, 1978)

Mihail Gorbachev, Memoirs, (1995)

Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, (1979)

Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President, (1982)

Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, (2010)

Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy, (1983)

Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon, (1990)

George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years As Secretary of State, (1993)

John Kerry, Every Day is Extra, (2018)

Secondary Sources

Bill Hayton, A Brief History of Vietnam; Colonialism, War and Renewal: The Story of a Nation Transformed (2022)

Max Hastings, Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975, (2018)

Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, (1996)

Douglas Pike, PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam, (1986)

Articles

Robert Shaplen, “Southeast Asia - Before and After,” Foreign Affairs, (April 1, 1975)

Alastair Buchan, “The Indochina War and World Politics,” Foreign Affairs, (July 1, 1975)

Earl Ravenal, “Consequences of the End Game in Vietnam,” Foreign Affairs, (July 1, 1975)

Barry Blechman and Edward Fried, “Controlling the Defense Budget,” Foreign Affairs, (January 1, 1976)

A. Doak Barnett, “Military-Security Relations Between China and the United States,” Foreign Affairs, (April 1, 1977)

Ta Huu Phuong and Guy Ta, “The Postwar Economic Planning and Development of Vietnam,” Southeast Asian Affairs, (1978)

Donald Zagoria, “The Soviet Quandary in Asia,” Foreign Affairs, (January 1, 1978)

Franklin Weinstein, “U.S.-Vietnam Relations and the Security of Southeast Asia,” Foreign Affairs, (July 1, 1978)

Stanley Karnow, “East Asia in 1978: The Great Transformation,” Foreign Affairs, (February 1, 1979)

Barry Wain, “The Indochina Refugee Crisis,” Foreign Affairs, (September 1, 1979)

John Bryant, “Communism, Poverty, and Demographic Change in North Vietnam,” Population and Development Review, (June, 1998)

Footnotes

[1] Hastings, p. 668-72

[2] Hayton, p. 242-5, Hastings, p. 672-5, Ravenal, Ford, p. 136-7, 226

[3] Pike, p. 60-2

[4] Hastings, p. 689-92, Pike, p. 60-2

[5] Hastings, p. 672

[6] Hastings, 726-30

[7] Hastings, p. 726-31

[8] Hastings, p. 730-3

[9] Metzner, p. 5-9

[10] Metzner, p. 10-3, Hastings, p. 731-3

[11] Metzner, p. 12-16

[12] Hayton, p. 246-53

[13] Hastings, p. 726-30, Wain, Hayton, p. 248-53

[14] Hastings, p. 734-6, Pike, p. 77-80

[15] Pike, p. 77-80

[16] Pike, p. 77-81

[17] Pike, p. 62-4

[18] Pike, p. 64-7

[19] Phuong & Ta

[20] CIA

[21] CIA

[22] Hayton, p. 248-53

[23] Karnow

[24] Karnow, Vance, p. 122-3

[25] Pike, p. 67-73

[26] Pike p. 73

[27] Weinstein, Karnow

[28] Zagoria, Kiernan, p. 440-4

[29] Hayton, p. 251-3, Karnow

[30] Kiernan, 450-4, Pike, p. 67-73

[31] Vance, p. 124, Kiernan, p. 455, Pike, p. 67-73

[32] Hayton, p. 242-5, Pike, p. 73-6

[33] White House Diary, Jan 29-30, 1979, Vance, p. 120-2

[34] Pike, p. 73-6

[35] Hastings, p. 736-8

[36] Hayton, p. 254-5

[37] Hayton, p. 254-5, Pike, p. 76-7

[38] Hastings, 736-8

[39] Hayton, p. 255-8

[40] Hastings, 254-5, 258-9

[41] Hastings, p. 259-60