When to be exposed

Decline in personal immunity

Dr June Raine, MHRA Chief Executive

We know that a person’s immunity may decline over time after their first vaccine course.

I am pleased to confirm that the COVID-19 vaccines made by Pfizer and AstraZeneca can be used as safe and effective booster doses.

It will now be for the JVCI to advise on whether booster jabs will be given and if so, which vaccines should be used.

UK, Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI)

Discussing whether booster shots for the elderly and vulnerable are needed

Could be end of September

Final decision with UK government

Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status — 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4–July 17, 2021

Based on our latest assessment, the current protection against severe disease, hospitalization, and death could diminish in the months ahead,

especially among those who are at higher risk or were vaccinated during the earlier phases of the vaccination rollout.

For that reason, we conclude that a booster shot will be needed to maximize vaccine-induced protection and prolong its durability.

We are prepared to offer booster shots for all Americans beginning the week of September 20 and starting 8 months after an individual’s second dose.

We also anticipate booster shots will likely be needed for people who received the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) vaccine.

Pandemic Institute, Liverpool

Seven authorities and institutions

Some Innova funding

Aims to prevent future pandemics

Accelerating vaccine development

Human challenge facility

High containment facility outside hospital, which will speed up the process

We could have had first wave trials

Professor Daniela Ferreira, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

If vaccine candidates could have been tested during the first wave of infections, the jabs would have been ready months earlier

Here in Liverpool I led one of the sites for phase 3 of the Oxford vaccine study

We were able to set up really quickly.

When the government implemented a national lockdown, the number of cases plummeted.

We were expecting to have the vaccine study results in three months but it took much longer because there was less community transmission

Building a database of diseases affecting animals trying to work out which might be most likely to jump the species barrier

1,500 species of bat alone

Professor Matthew Baylis of Liverpool University

What I hope is that in 10 years’ time, we’re able to be much more precise as to which species we need to be looking at, and actually look at some of those species to confirm our predictions

it appears to have these properties, it could be transmitted this way, it could cause this type of disease

Also, WHO

Opened the Hub for Pandemic and

Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin

French government launched Prezode, an international initiative focusing on zoonotic diseases

Rockefeller Foundation is creating a Pandemic Prevention Institute in the US

Professor Baylis

Intends to set up three hubs in east, west and southern Africa to work with local researchers

Learning from Denmark

Since 11th March 2020, has lifted the last of its domestic pandemic-era restrictions

Early vaccine passport

Coronavirus is no longer a “critical threat to society.”

First European Union member to issue declaration

High vaccination rates

Robust testing and sequencing

Robust contact tracing and isolation

No claims of herd immunity

Digital vaccine passport no longer required

Sweden, lift nearly all restrictions at the end of the September