Myocarditis, vaccine evidence

Detection of Vaccine-Derived Spike Protein Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration in the Heart and Liver: A Report of Two Cases (May 2026)

A landmark immunohistochemical study on COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (May 2026)

Rapid development of COVID-19 genetic vaccines

Significant concerns

Potential to trigger immune reactions against self-tissues.

This mechanism was first proposed by Dr. Polykretis, who emphasised the necessity of bio-distribution studies to evaluate the risks associated with the spread of vaccine-derived genetic material beyond the injection site

Histopathologically supported analysis

How the synthesis of the vaccine-derived spike protein can trigger autoimmunity beyond the injection site.

Characterised by robust immune cell recruitment.

Delineates a pattern consistent with self-directed immune activity

Including vaccine-associated myocarditis.

Immune-cell infiltration,

triggered by the synthesis of the vaccine-derived spike protein in the myocardium and liver

We provide a detailed characterisation of the process and the immune cells involved,

histopathological findings.

Myocarditis case: A 72-year-old male who died from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), with histio-lymphocytic myocarditis identified as the main pathological condition. His vaccination history included two doses of AstraZeneca (April 2021, lot number: ABW2586; July 2021, lot number: 210094), one dose of Moderna (December 2021, lot number: 042G12A), and a booster dose of Pfizer/BioNTech (November 2022, 15 μg Original/Omicron BA.4-5). No known COVID-19 infection was recorded in the medical history.

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Hepatitis case: An 86-year-old patient, with no known liver disease, who died from decompensated heart failure. The major concomitant condition was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The vaccination history included three doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine administered in March 2021 (lot number: ER2659 and EZT3674, for the first and second dose, respectively) and November 2021 (lot number: 1F1023A). No documented COVID-19 infection was reported in the medical history.

Method

Control samples

Other literature consistent

Differential diagnosis

Understanding these mechanisms is essential for accurately assessing the potential implications of these vaccination technologies on human health.

By emphasising the need for further research into the pharmacokinetics and off-target effects of COVID-19 genetic vaccines,

this paper aims to deepen our understanding of their safety profiles and inform future vaccine development.