Polytheism in the Bible?

Thanks to scholars Ben Stanhope, Mark W. Chavalas and Chris Hansen for reviewing this video. Chris takes more a polytheistic understanding but still provided valuable feedback and pointed out errors that we were able to fix.

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Sources:

Michael S. Heiser – Reply to Thom Stark: The Most Heiser

Polymnia Athanassiadi and Michael Frede – Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity

Stephen Mitchell and Peter van Nuffelen – One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire

James Hoffmeier – Akhenaten and The Origins of Monotheism

Jens-Andre Herbener – On the Term “Monotheism"

Jan Assman – Monotheism and Polytheism in "Religions of the Ancient World: a Guide,"

by Sarah Iles Johnston

Michael Heiser – Does Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible Demonstrate an Evolution From

Polytheism to Monotheism in Israelite Religion?

Michael S. Heiser – Monotheism and the Language of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible and

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Michael S. Heiser – The Divine Council in Late Canonical and Non-canonical Second Temple Jewish Literature

Karel van der Toorn and Pieter Willem van der Horst – Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible

Mark S. Smith – The Origins of Biblical Monotheism

Mark S. Smith – God in Translation

B. E. Becking, Meindert Dijkstra, Marjo C. A. Korpel, Karel Vriezen – Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah

Otto Eissfeldt – El And Yahweh

Frank Kermode, Robert Alter – The Literary Guide to the Bible

Bernhard Lang – Bible Review 19:6,

December 2003, Readers Reply

Nathan MacDonald – One God or One Lord?

Tryggve N. Mettinger and Frederick H. Cryer – The Dethronement of Sabaoth: Studies in the Shem and Kabod Theologies

Gerlinde Baumann – Trendy Monotheism?

Kenneth Kitchen – On the Reliability of the Old Testament