Critical Theory in International Relations

Critical Theory has its intellectual roots in Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, and Habermas. Karl Marx contributed to critical thought through the perspective of Capitalism. Critical Theory observes a close relationship between theory and practice. For example, Karl Marx observed that what are the prevailing ideas and what is reality. He critically analyzed the liberal school of thought. He concluded that, though, liberals talk about the “greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”, but nothing is like this. Liberalism is just a voice of elites. The point of view of elites is described by the liberals. Antonio Gramsci contributed further to this theory. He highlighted the importance of ideas, culture, and ideology to maintain class rule. Habermas highlighted the importance of language and communication. He maintains that democracy can provide the opportunity for the emancipation of human beings.

The important assumptions of Critical Theory are:

1. Human nature is not fixed. Human nature is shaped by the prevailing social and economic conditions. Humans are the product of society.

2. Individuals can be grouped into identifiable collectives, which might have concrete interests.

3. Despite the difference in race, ethnicity, gender, and class, all human beings share a common interest in emancipation.

4. Core to the emancipation is the achievement of dialogue. Through, dialogue, the perspective of each one would be heard and the perspective of strong ones would not be imposed.

5. The world should be understood in terms of major economic and social forces, which are generated by capitalism.

6. All knowledge is ideological.

Critical Theory saw the state as a tool in the hands of power. The actual power lies in social relations. Institutions and world order are supported by a powerful hegemonic country. The state has provided identity and community to residents. Equality and justice can only be observed if the contradiction of capitalism will end.

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