Social Contract Theory of Thomas Hobbes

The theory of social contract by Thomas Hobbes is an important contribution to Western political thought. The theory tells us about the emergence of the state. The people in the State of Nature contracted and formed a civil society.

Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 and died in 1679. Hobbes wrote at the time of the English Civil War which lasted from 1642 to 1651. He wrote Leviathan to support the monarchy. Thomas Hobbes based his analysis of the state of nature on human psychology which according to him works on the principle of pleasure and pain. For Hobbes, in the state of nature, there is a war of everyone against ever other. There is no peace there. The life of man was poor, nasty, brutish, and short. There was no distinction between right and wrong in the state of nature.

But Hobbes recognizes that even in the state of nature, man has a sense of the laws of nature. These laws dictate man to seek peace so that he may enjoy pleasure and avoid the pain of war. This leads man to form a social contract with every other man in the state of nature. The result of the contract is the creation of the state. the monarch enjoys the unlimited powers. But, Hobbes also maintains that people retain the right of self-defence against the authority of an all-powerful monarch.

In short, Hobbes's theory depicts a powerful state led by the monarch. For him, a strong central authority can only save the country from the chaos. Hence, Hobbes is a staunch supporter of absolute monarchy. Leviathan, published in 1651 is a clear depiction of this.

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