A Monopoly on the Use of Force in Libya

How Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration in Libya Will Require a Local Strategy

In early 2023, the U.N. special representative for Libya made national elections his top priority. The United States and other interested countries endorsed this strategy, pledging to push for elections before the end of the year. However, armed groups and political factions have divided Libya into fiefdoms, often with support from powerful patrons abroad. Right now, elections in 2023 seem unlikely, if not impossible — and elections in 2024 may also be wishful thinking.

As these election efforts sputter, there is a temptation to shift focus to demobilization, disarmament and reintegration (DDR). However, as Tim Eaton explains in his latest report from Chatham House, a successful DDR process in Libya must be based on local security dynamics. His research looks at the development of three of Libya’s most influential armed groups — Misrata, Zawiya and Zintan — and the unique nature of their engagement with local communities.

On December 12, USIP hosted a conversation with Tim Eaton on DDR in Libya. The discussion explored his report’s findings and the need to calibrate DDR efforts to local contexts in Libya — with the hope that a flexible program might be replicated in other locations and eventually expanded to the national level.

For more information about this event, please visit

Speakers:

Mona Yacoubian, introductory remarks

Vice President, Middle East and North Africa Center, U.S. Institute of Peace

Gail Morgado, framing remarks

Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations

U.S. Department of State

Tim Eaton

Senior Research Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House

Andrew Cheatham, moderator

Senior Expert, U.S. Institute of Peace

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The United States Institute of Peace is a national, nonpartisan, independent institute, founded by Congress and dedicated to the proposition that a world without violent conflict is possible, practical and essential for U.S. and global security. In conflict zones abroad, the Institute works with local partners to prevent, mitigate, and resolve violent conflict. To reduce future crises and the need for costly interventions, USIP works with governments and civil societies to build local capacities to manage conflict peacefully. The Institute pursues its mission by linking research, policy, training, analysis and direct action to support those who are working to build a more peaceful, inclusive world. Learn more about USIP