Fall of Constantinople 1453 - Ottoman Empire DOCUMENTARY

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Kings and Generals began remaking its animated historical documentary on the history of the Ottoman empire with the early rise of the Ottoman beylik under Osman I. In the first video we covered the early origins of the beylik, its status among the Muslim states in Anatolia and its early clashes against the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire at Bapheus and Dimbos in 1302 (youtu.be/Xfb9fIMzuRw). The second episode showed how they became a regional power with the continued battles against the Byzantines and other states, including the siege of Prusa (Bursa) and the battle of Pelekanon (youtu.be/JPAK3stgMBU). As the Ottoman entered the Balkans, they had to face the Serbian Empire and the Second Bulgarian Empire, leading to the battles like Maritsa in 1371 (youtu.be/qBAjdWQGJs). The Ottomans continued expanding both in Europe and Asia, leading to many conflicts, including the Karamanids, culminating at the battle of Frenkyazisi in 1387 (youtu.be/bIO66ZKNhQ). As the Ottomans managed to defeat their enemies in Anatolia, they now had time to fight against the burgeoning Balkan alliance that formed against them with Lazar Hrebeljanovic of the Moravian Serbia at its head. His confrontation with the sultan Murad I would led to the battle of Kosovo in 1389 (youtu.be/PwRfCAU7vzA). In the aftermath of Kosovo, Bayezid I continued campaigns in Anatolia and the Balkans. The events in Anatolia culminated at the battle of Kirdilim of 1391, where the Sultan defeats his Turkic opponents led by Kadi Burhaneddin. The Ottomans became the sultans of Rum getting the title of the Seljuks (youtu.be/WY4DVdCTgGY). Afterwards the Sultan continued campaigning in Europe, leading to the major Ottoman defeat at Rovine in 1395 against the Voivode of Wallachia, Mircea the Elder (youtu.be/CQaa4idtCVE). Despite that, the Ottoman advance in Europe continued and to counter it, the king of Hungary Sigismund called a crusade joined by many nobles and retinues from the Balkans, France and beyond. This led to a crusade and the battle of Nicopolis in 1396 (youtu.be/t1LEcJti8_s). In the aftermath, Bayezid had a free rein and he blockaded Constantinople. The Roman emperor Manuel II Palaiologos decided to travel to Europe to get help, but got no help in the West (youtu.be/oJQlRi2KNf0). But with the Ottoman expansion in Anatolia, Bayezid was on a collision course with another conqueror Timur, which led to the battle of Ankara in 1402 (youtu.be/sHH3lQ_OxA). In the aftermath, the civil war of interregnum between the sons of Bayezid almost destroyed the Ottomans (youtu.be/bBi33Z1T0YE). Mehmed I won the civil war and he and his son Murad I continued the expansion, leading to the siege of Constantinople in 1422 (). Although it failed, the Ottoman expansion continued in Epirus, Albania and during the siege of Thessalonica (). As a result, more European powers became interested in fighting the Ottomans, leading to the rise of John Hunyadi and the beginning of the Varna Crusade (), and the pivotal battle of Varna in 1444 (). Resistance against the Ottomans continued with the rise of the Albanian lord Skanderbeg, who rebelled against them, leading to the battle of Torvioll (). Hunyadi challenged the Ottomans again at Kosovo in 1448 (), but that didn't stop Mehmet II from strengthening his authority and besieging the Eastern Roman capital in 1453, leading to its fall.