How did Operation Desert Shield Begin?

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Primary Sources

Dick Cheney and Liz Cheney, In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir, (2011)

George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed, (1998)

John Sununu, The Quiet Man: The Indispensable Presidency of George H.W. Bush, (2015)

James Baker, III and Thomas DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War & Peace, 1989-1992, (1995)

Colin Powell and Joseph Persico, My American Journey, (1996)

Dennis Ross, The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace, (2004)

Javier Perez de Cuellar, Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General’s Memoir, (1997)

General H. Norman Schwarzkopf & Peter Petre, It Doesn’t Take a Hero: The Autobiography, (1993)

Douglas Hurd, Memoirs, (2003)

Brian Mulroney, Memoirs: 1939-1993, (2007)

Yevgeny Primakov, Trans. Paul Gould, Russia and the Arabs: Behind the Scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the Present, (2009)

Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs, (1995)

Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom, (1991)

Secondary Sources

Micah Sifry & Christopher Cerf, The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions, (1991)

Con Coughlin, Saddam: The Secret Life, (2002)

Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East, (2004)

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945, (2004)

Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017, (2017)

Steve Coll, The Achilles Trap: Saddam Hussein, The CIA, and the Origins of America’s Invasion of Iraq, (2024)

Footnotes

[1] Cheney, p. 181-3, Coll, Achilles, p. 171-4

[2] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 304-5, Sununu, p. 274-9, Thatcher, p. 816-21, Hurd, p. 390-1

[3] Cheney, p. 183-8

[4] Sununu, p. 274-9, Cuellar, p. 238-40

[5] Cuellar, p. 237-8

[6] Coughlin, p. 253-6, Coll, Achilles, p. 177-8, Schwarzkopf, p. 366-71

[7] Coughlin, p. 253-6, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 314-5

[8] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 322-4

[9] Schwarzkopf, p. 366-71, Sununu, p. 274-9, Cheney, p. 183-8

[10] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 315-7

[11] Powell, p. 449-53, Schwarzkopf, p. 366-71

[12] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 314-7, Cheney, p. 183-8, Sununu, p. 274-9

[13] Cheney, p. 183-8, Sununu, p. 274-9

[14] Sununu, p. 274-9, Thatcher, p. 816-2

[15] Coll, Achilles, p. 178-80, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 318-21

[16] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 318-21, Coll, Achilles, p. 178-80, Sununu, p. 274-9

[17] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 302-4

[18] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 3748,

[19] Ross, p. 64-5

[20] Ross, p. 64-5, Shevardnadze, p. 99-102

[21] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 314-5

[22] Powell, p. 449-53, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 322-4

[23] Sununu, p. 279-81

[24] Powell, p. 449-53

[25] Sununu, p. 279-81, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 324-6

[26] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 324-6

[27] Thatcher, p. 822-4, Baker, p. 283-5

[28] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 331-3

[29] Powell, p. 449-53, Cheney, p. 183-8, Schwarzkopf, p. 371-5

[30] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 327-30, Cheney, p. 188-92

[31] Baker, p. 277-81, Sununu, p. 281-3, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 327-30

[32] Schwarzkopf, p. 371-5, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 330-1

[33] Khalidi, p. 182-5

[34] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 334-5

[35] Sununu, p. 283-4, Powell, p. 449-53

[36] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 335-8, Cheney, p. 188-92

[37] Schwarzkopf, p. 375-82, Powell, p. 453-5

[38] Schwarzkopf, p. 384-8

[39] Sununu, p. 284-5, Mulroney, p. 795-803

[40] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 338-40, Coll, Achilles, p. 180-1

[41] Coughlin, p. 253-6, Cuellar, p. 238-40

[42] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 335-8, Baker, p. 283-5, Coughlin, p. 256-7

[43] Sununu, p. 285-6, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 338-40

[44] Baker, p. 277-81, Coughlin, p. 256-7

[45] Coll, Achilles, p. 181-2, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 340-2

[46] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 344-6

[47] Coughlin, p. 257, Sununu, p. 286

[48] Powell, p. 455-7

[49] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 349-51, Cuellar, p. 238-40

[50] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 349-51

[51] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 351-3, Baker, p. 285-7

[52] Schwarzkopf, p. 398-401

[53] Bush, Scowcroft, p. 351-3, Schwarzkopf, p. 398-401

[54] Baker, p. 287-91, Cuellar, p. 240-45

[55] Hurd, p. 392-4, Thatcher, p. 824-6

[56] Primakov, p. 302-11

[57] Gorbachev, p. 554, Bush, Scowcroft, p. 361-6

[58] Baker, p. 285-7, Sununu, p. 289-90

[59] Primakov, p. 314-6, Gorbachev, p. 551-3

[60] Baker, p. 291-4

[61] Baker, p. 294-9

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