Causes of The French Revolution in Urdu/Hindi

French Revolution was a very important event in World History. This revolution started in 1789 and ended in 1799. Among its many causes, The French involvement in the Seven Years War and in the American Revolutionary war was most important. France suffered heavily in terms of the economy in these wars. To recover the economy, there was heavy pressure on the commoners. The social system of France was divided into three estates at that time, known as Ancien-Regime. The first estate was consist of the clergy, the second estate was consist of nobles and the third estate was consist of workers and peasants. This third estate was the most exploited class in France at that time and became the major reason of the French revolution.

The era of Enlightenment also played a role in the French Revolution. The important thinkers like John Lock, Rousseau and Montesquieu changed Europe intellectually. The monarch started to lose power and people started to demand their political rights. King Louis XVI was also a weak king at that time.

The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the meeting of Estate-General. King Louis XVI called this meeting to solve financial conditions and to lift the tax privileges of the first two estates. The meeting was to be held on May 5, 1789. The delegates of the third estate refused to meet separately and insisted on their numerical majority. Vote my head not by status was their moto. On 17 June 1789, they called themselves “National Assembly”. On 14 July 1789, they stormed at Bastilles and captured it. On 4 Aug 1789, they abolished the feudal system and cut many privileges of the clergy. “Declaration of Rights of Men and of Citizen” was also formed in 1789 and become the major event of the French Revolution. On 5 Oct 1789, women also marched toward Versailles and demanded their rights. The role of the church in France was ended and “Cult of reason” became the state religion (Secular). From Sep 1792 to Nov 1795, France was the “First Republic”. The monarchy and feudalism were ended. In 1795, the monarchy was officially abolished. On 21 January 1793, King Louis XVI was executed by Guillotine. From 1793-94, there was a reign of terror in France in which almost 17,000 anti-revolutionary were executed. From 1795 to 1799, The Directory rules France with the help of military assistance. On 9 Nov 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte stage Coup d’état and declared himself as the “First Counsel” of France.

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